Magnitude and Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in Ethiopia
Risk factors associated with early childbearing among teenage girls
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69614/ejrh.v15i2.639Keywords:
Early childbearing, teenage girls, risk factors, regression, EthiopiaAbstract
Teenage pregnancy occurs in girls between the ages of 13–19 years and is a major cause of newborn and maternal mortality in developing countries. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated with early childbearing among teenage girls in Ethiopia. A Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted and a two-stage cluster sampling design was used to select the sample, and multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors associated with early childbearing. There was a 10.26% prevalence of early childbearing among Ethiopian girls. Girls who married below the age of 15 and between 15-17 years to poor and middle-income partners, did not use contraceptives while those with primary, secondary, and higher education were less associated with early childbearing in Ethiopia. This study reveals that teenage childbearing is a major public health concern in Ethiopia. Hence, the government should implement policies to limit prevalence through formal education, and improve access to reproductive health education and contraception, especially among teenage girls from the poorest households.
References
References
1. World health statistics (2009), ISBN: 9789241563819.
2. United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF. Report on the regional forum on adolescent pregnancy, child marriage and early union in south-east Asia and Mongolia; 2018.
3. WHO. Global health estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
4. Kassa GM, Arowojolu A, Odukogbe A, Yalew AW. Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2018; 15(1):195.
5. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union, African Development Bank Group U. Assessing Progress in Africa toward Development Goals the Millennium: Food security in Africa: Issues, challenges and lessons. Addis Ababa: UNECA; 2013.
6. Darroch J, Woog V, Bankola A, Ashford L. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Meeting the Contraceptive Needs of Adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016.
7. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Adolescent pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York: UNFPA; 2013.
8. Abbas, A. M., Ali, S. S., Ali, M. K., Fouly, H., & Altraigey, A. (2017). The maternal and neonatal outcomes of teenage pregnancy in a tertiary university hospital in Egypt. Proceedings in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7(3), 1-9.
9. Ayele BG, Gebregzabher TG, Hailu TT, Assefa BA. Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A community-based case-control study. PLoS One, 2018; 13(7)
10. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Ethiopia and ICF. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF; 2016.
11. Morón-Duarte, L. S., Latorre, C., & Tovar, J. R. (2014). Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy in Bogotá, Colombia, 2010: a case-control study. Pan American journal of public health, 36(3), 179–184.
12. Santos, M. I., & Rosário, F. (2011). A score for assessing the risk of first-time adolescent pregnancy. Family practice, 28(5), 482–488.
13. Presler-Marshall E, Jones N. Charting the future: empowering girls to prevent early pregnancy; July 11, 2012.
14. Nalenga GZ. Causes of unintended pregnancy among adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Norwegian University of Life Sciences; May 2012.
15. Samuel Mathewos, Aleme Mekuria. Teenage Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors among School Adolescents of Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci., 2018; 28(3): 287.
16. Habitu YA, Yalew A, Bisetegn TA. Prevalence and factors associated with teenage pregnancy, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Pregnancy, 2018.
17. Ayele BG, Gebregzabher TG, Hailu TT, Assefa BA. Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a community-based case- control study. PLoS One. 2018; 13: 7.
18. Nwosu UM. Contemporary factors of teenage pregnancy in rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria. Int J Commun Med Public Health, 2017; 4(2):588–592.
19. Alemayehu, T. et al. “Utilization of antenatal care services among teenagers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2011; 24: 221-225.
20. Ezegwui HU, Ikeako LC, Ogbuefi F. Obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancies at a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian J Clin Pract., 2012; 5(2):147–150.
21. Eyasu, Anteneh Mulugeta. “Determinants of Adolescent Fertility among Rural Women of Ethiopia.” Open Access Library Journal, 2016; 3: 1-9.
22. Misganaw Gebrie Worku, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema and Yigizie Yeshaw. Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy (15–19 years) in East Africa: a multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2021; 21(1):253.
23. Fatema K, Lariscy JT. Mass media exposure and maternal healthcare utilization in South Asia. SSM Population Health, 2020; 11: 100614.
24. Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Seda Muftugil-Yalcin, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Marjolein B. M. Zweekhorst, Renaud Becquet and Tjard de Cock Buning. Decision-making preferences and risk factors regarding early adolescent pregnancy in Ghana: stakeholders’ and adolescents’ perspectives from a vignette based qualitative study. BMC Reproductive Health, 2020; 17:141.
25. Panova, O V et al. “Factors Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy among Adolescents in Russia.” Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 2016; 29, 5: 501-505.
26. Atuyambe LM, Kibira SP, Bukenya J, Muhumuza C, Apolot RR, Mulogo E. Understanding sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents: evidence from a formative evaluation in Wakiso district, Uganda. Reprod Health. 2015; 12:35.
27. Yakubu I, Salisu WJ. Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2018; 15(1):15.
28. World Health Organization (WHO): Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. 2011, 2014(August 30).
29. Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2013.
30. David W. Hosmer Jr., Stanley Lemeshow, Rodney X. Sturdivant. Applied Logistic Regression, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2013; 3:35-45.
31. Habito, C.M., Vaughan, C. & Morgan, A. Adolescent sexual initiation and pregnancy: what more can be learned through further analysis of the demographic and health surveys in the Philippines? BMC Public Health 19, 1142 (2019).
32. Haymanot Mezmur, Nega Assefa, Tadesse Alemayehu. Teenage Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors in Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Study, International Journal of Women’s Health, 2021; 13: 267–278.
33. Goldstein H. Multilevel Statistical Models. 4th ed. United Kingdom: Wiley; 2011.
1. World health statistics (2009), ISBN: 9789241563819.
2. United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF. Report on the regional forum on adolescent pregnancy, child marriage and early union in south-east Asia and Mongolia; 2018.
3. WHO. Global health estimates 2015: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
4. Kassa GM, Arowojolu A, Odukogbe A, Yalew AW. Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2018; 15(1):195.
5. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), African Union, African Development Bank Group U. Assessing Progress in Africa toward Development Goals the Millennium: Food security in Africa: Issues, challenges and lessons. Addis Ababa: UNECA; 2013.
6. Darroch J, Woog V, Bankola A, Ashford L. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Meeting the Contraceptive Needs of Adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016.
7. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Adolescent pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York: UNFPA; 2013.
8. Abbas, A. M., Ali, S. S., Ali, M. K., Fouly, H., & Altraigey, A. (2017). The maternal and neonatal outcomes of teenage pregnancy in a tertiary university hospital in Egypt. Proceedings in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7(3), 1-9.
9. Ayele BG, Gebregzabher TG, Hailu TT, Assefa BA. Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A community-based case-control study. PLoS One, 2018; 13(7)
10. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) Ethiopia and ICF. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF; 2016.
11. Morón-Duarte, L. S., Latorre, C., & Tovar, J. R. (2014). Risk factors for adolescent pregnancy in Bogotá, Colombia, 2010: a case-control study. Pan American journal of public health, 36(3), 179–184.
12. Santos, M. I., & Rosário, F. (2011). A score for assessing the risk of first-time adolescent pregnancy. Family practice, 28(5), 482–488.
13. Presler-Marshall E, Jones N. Charting the future: empowering girls to prevent early pregnancy; July 11, 2012.
14. Nalenga GZ. Causes of unintended pregnancy among adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Norwegian University of Life Sciences; May 2012.
15. Samuel Mathewos, Aleme Mekuria. Teenage Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors among School Adolescents of Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci., 2018; 28(3): 287.
16. Habitu YA, Yalew A, Bisetegn TA. Prevalence and factors associated with teenage pregnancy, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Pregnancy, 2018.
17. Ayele BG, Gebregzabher TG, Hailu TT, Assefa BA. Determinants of teenage pregnancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a community-based case- control study. PLoS One. 2018; 13: 7.
18. Nwosu UM. Contemporary factors of teenage pregnancy in rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria. Int J Commun Med Public Health, 2017; 4(2):588–592.
19. Alemayehu, T. et al. “Utilization of antenatal care services among teenagers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.” Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2011; 24: 221-225.
20. Ezegwui HU, Ikeako LC, Ogbuefi F. Obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancies at a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian J Clin Pract., 2012; 5(2):147–150.
21. Eyasu, Anteneh Mulugeta. “Determinants of Adolescent Fertility among Rural Women of Ethiopia.” Open Access Library Journal, 2016; 3: 1-9.
22. Misganaw Gebrie Worku, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema and Yigizie Yeshaw. Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy (15–19 years) in East Africa: a multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2021; 21(1):253.
23. Fatema K, Lariscy JT. Mass media exposure and maternal healthcare utilization in South Asia. SSM Population Health, 2020; 11: 100614.
24. Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Seda Muftugil-Yalcin, Mary Amoakoh-Coleman, Marjolein B. M. Zweekhorst, Renaud Becquet and Tjard de Cock Buning. Decision-making preferences and risk factors regarding early adolescent pregnancy in Ghana: stakeholders’ and adolescents’ perspectives from a vignette based qualitative study. BMC Reproductive Health, 2020; 17:141.
25. Panova, O V et al. “Factors Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy among Adolescents in Russia.” Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 2016; 29, 5: 501-505.
26. Atuyambe LM, Kibira SP, Bukenya J, Muhumuza C, Apolot RR, Mulogo E. Understanding sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents: evidence from a formative evaluation in Wakiso district, Uganda. Reprod Health. 2015; 12:35.
27. Yakubu I, Salisu WJ. Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2018; 15(1):15.
28. World Health Organization (WHO): Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. 2011, 2014(August 30).
29. Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2013.
30. David W. Hosmer Jr., Stanley Lemeshow, Rodney X. Sturdivant. Applied Logistic Regression, 3rd edition: John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2013; 3:35-45.
31. Habito, C.M., Vaughan, C. & Morgan, A. Adolescent sexual initiation and pregnancy: what more can be learned through further analysis of the demographic and health surveys in the Philippines? BMC Public Health 19, 1142 (2019).
32. Haymanot Mezmur, Nega Assefa, Tadesse Alemayehu. Teenage Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors in Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Study, International Journal of Women’s Health, 2021; 13: 267–278.
33. Goldstein H. Multilevel Statistical Models. 4th ed. United Kingdom: Wiley; 2011.
Downloads
Published
2023-05-03
How to Cite
Debu Liga , A. ., Erango Boyamo, A., & Negash Jabir, Y. (2023). Magnitude and Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in Ethiopia: Risk factors associated with early childbearing among teenage girls . Ethiopian Journal of Reproductive Health, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.69614/ejrh.v15i2.639
Issue
Section
Original Articles
